Spatial light modulator with hidden comb actuator

ABSTRACT

Described are Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) actuators with hidden combs and hinges. The ability to hide the combs renders the actuators useful in digital micro-mirror devices. Comb actuators provide increased torque, which facilitates the use of stiffer, less fragile hinge structures. Also important, comb actuators do not require mechanical stops to define stable states, and thus avoid problems associated with physical contact. The actuators are infinitely variable through a range of angles.

BACKGROUND

Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) have found numerous applications in theareas of optical information processing, projection displays, video andgraphics monitors, televisions, and electrophotographic printing. SLMsare devices that modulate incident light in a spatial pattern to form animage corresponding to an electrical or optical input. The incidentlight may be modulated in its phase, intensity, polarization, ordirection. The light modulation may be achieved with a variety ofmaterials exhibiting various reflective, refractive, diffractive,electro-optic or magneto-optic effects, or with materials that modulatelight by surface deformation.

An SLM typically includes an area or linear array of addressable pictureelements (pixels). Using well-known algorithms, source pixel data (e.g.,data representing an image) is formatted by an associated controlcircuit and loaded into the pixel array using any of a number ofwell-known addressing schemes, typically addressing all pixels inparallel.

One type of SLM, referred to herein as a micro-mirror array, is amonolithic integrated circuit with an array of movable micro-mirrorsfabricated over the requisite address, control and drive circuitry.Micro-mirrors are normally bistable, switching between two stablepositions in response to digital control signals. Each mirror in a givenarray forms one pixel, wherein a source of light directed upon themirror array will be reflected in one of two directions depending uponthe selected one of the two stable mirror positions. In an “on” mirrorposition, incident light to a given mirror is reflected to a projectorlens and focused on a display screen or a photosensitive element of aprinter; in an “off” mirror position, light directed on the mirror isdeflected to a light absorber outside of the numerical aperture of theprojecting lens.

When the micro-mirror array is used in a display, the projector lensmagnifies the modulated light from the pixel mirrors onto a displayscreen. Gray scale of the pixels forming the image is achieved bypulse-width modulation, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,652,entitled “DMD Architecture and Timing for Use in a Pulse-Width ModulatedDisplay System,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

For more detailed discussions of conventional micro-mirror devices, seethe following U.S. patents, each of which is incorporated herein byreference:

-   -   1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,047 to Hornbeck, entitled “Active Yoke        Hidden Hinge Digital Micro-mirror Device;    -   2. U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,544 to DeMond, et al, entitled “Standard        Independent Digitized Video System”; and    -   3. U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,369 to Nelson, entitled “Printing System        Exposure Module Alignment Method and Apparatus of Manufacture.”

The evolution and variations of the micro-mirror devices can beappreciated through a reading of several issued patents. The “firstgeneration” micro-mirror based spatial light modulators were implementedwith analog control of electrostatically driven mirrors usingparallel-plate configurations. That is, an electrostatic force wascreated between the mirror and the underlying address electrode toinduce deflection thereof. The deflection of these mirrors can bevariable and operate in the analog mode, and may comprise a leaf-springor cantilevered beam, as disclosed in the following U.S. Patents, eachof which is incorporated herein by reference:

-   -   1. U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,746 to Hornbeck, entitled “Spatial Light        Modulator and Method”;    -   2. U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,732 to Hornbeck, entitled “Spatial Light        Modulator and Method”;    -   3. U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,619 to Hornbeck, entitled “Spatial Light        Modulator”; and    -   4. U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,262 to Hornbeck, entitled “Spatial Light        Modulator and Method.”

This first generation micro-mirror can also be embodied as a digital orbistable device. The mirror is supported by a torsion hinge and axiallyrotated one of two directions 10 degrees, until the mirror tip landsupon a mechanical stop, or “landing pad.” Such an embodiment isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,049 to Hornbeck entitled “Spatial LightModulator and Method,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Tolimit the static friction (stiction) force between the mirror tips andthe landing pads, the landing pads may be passivated by an orientedmonolayer formed upon the landing pad. This monolayer decreases thestiction forces and prevents the mirror from sticking to the electrode.This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,454 to Hornbeck,entitled “Low Reset Voltage Process for DMD,” and also incorporatedherein by reference.

A “second generation” of micro-mirror device is embodied in U.S. Pat.No. 5,083,857 entitled “Multi-Level Deformable Mirror Device,” and U.S.Pat. No. 5,583,688 entitled “Multi-level Digital Micro-mirror Device,”both of which are incorporated herein by reference. In this secondgeneration device, the mirror is elevated above a “yoke,” this yokebeing suspended over the addressing circuitry by a pair of torsionhinges. An electrostatic force is generated between the elevated mirrorand an elevated electrode, again with parallel-plate actuatorconfiguration. When rotated, it is the yoke that comes into contact witha landing electrode: the mirror tips never come into contact with anystructure. The shorter moment arm of the yoke, being about 50% of themirror, allows energy to be more efficiently coupled into the mirror byreset pulses due to the fact that the mirror tip is free to move.Applying resonant reset pulses to the mirror to help free the pivotingstructure from the landing electrode is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,096,279, entitled “Spatial Light Modulator and Method,” and U.S. Pat.No. 5,233,456 entitled “Resonant Mirror and Method of Manufacture,” bothof which are incorporated herein by reference. However, some of theaddress torque generated between the mirror and the elevated addresselectrode is sacrificed compared to the first generation devices becausethe yoke slightly diminishes the surface area of the address electrode.

Despite the aforementioned advances, parallel-plate electrostaticdevices generate very low deflection torque and require very lowstiffness suspension hinges. Consequently, conventional micro-mirrorsare relatively fragile and difficult to fabricate, and may thereforesuffer from low yield and increased manufacturing expense. Also, whilevarious process techniques have been developed to ameliorate thestiction problem, the repeated physical contact between the moveable andfixed surfaces still reduces device reliability and lifetime. There istherefore a need for methods and actuators that significantly increasedriving torque, eliminate or reduce effects of stiction, improveproduction yield, reduce micro-mirror production cost, and increasemicro-mirror reliability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) actuator 100 inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 depicts a mirror array 200 made up of sixteen (4×4) actuators 100formed integrally on a single substrate 116.

FIG. 3A is a top view of actuator 100 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional diagram of actuator 100 taken along lineA-A′ of FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 3C and 3D are side views of actuator 100 from a perspectiveparallel to the long dimension of hinge 115.

FIG. 3E depicts the relationship between electrostatic torque T andapplied voltage V for a comb actuator (curve 301) and a parallel-plateactuator (curve 302) of the type employed in the above-referencedHornbeck patents.

FIG. 3F includes a curve 305 illustrating the relationship between thedeflection angle θ of rotational comb actuator 100 and the voltage Vapplied between the movable and fixed combs.

FIG. 3G includes a curve 310 illustrating the relationship between thedeflection angle θ of a parallel-plate actuator (e.g., of the typedescribed in the above-cited Hornbeck patents) and the voltage appliedbetween the movable and fixed plates.

FIGS. 4A through 4Y depict a process of fabricating an actuator similarto actuator 100 of FIGS. 1, 2, 3A, and 3B.

FIG. 5 depicts an actuator 500 in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 6A is a top view of actuator 500 of FIG. 5. The actuated member 177is removed to expose the underlying features.

FIGS. 6B and 6C are cross-sectional views of actuator 500 taken alonglines A-A′ and B-B′, respectively, including actuated member 177.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of actuator 500 taken alongline B-B′ of FIG. 6A with voltage applied between the movable and fixedcombs to induce translational motion.

FIG. 8 depicts a mirror array 800 in accordance with one embodimentincorporated into an otherwise conventional projection-display system805.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) actuator 100 inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. Actuator 100 employshidden comb electrostatic actuators that produce much greater torquethan the parallel-plate electrostatic actuators of the above-referencedHornbeck patents. Greater torque facilitates the use of stiffer, lessfragile hinge structures. Also important, comb actuators adapted for usewith the invention have a more stable response curve than parallel-plateactuators, and consequently afford greater position control. These andother advantages, and the means of achieving them, are detailed below.

Actuator 100 is broadly divided into a fixed portion 105 and a movableportion 110, the two of which are interconnected via a tortional hinge115. Fixed portion 105 includes a pair of fixed combs 107 and 109disposed over a respective pair of addressing electrodes 111 and 113,which are in turn disposed over a substrate 116 and through aninsulating layer 117.

Substrate 116 is, in an embodiment formed using a monolithic fabricationprocess, a wafer with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)that incorporates the control, driving, and addressing electronics foractuator 100. Actuator 100 is formed on top of substrate 116, e.g. inthe manner described below in connection with FIGS. 4A-4Y. Theelectronics can be implemented using any of a number of conventionaldevice fabrication processes, including those commonly used to formComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. In embodimentsformed using hybrid fabrication processes, actuators 100 and the ASICelectronics are formed separately, on different substrates, and laterbonded together using any of a number of conventional bondingtechniques, such as those commonly employed in “flip-chip” technologies.In such embodiments, the substrate upon which actuator 100 is formed,the so-called “handle” substrate, can be on top of actuator 100 from theperspective of FIG. 1A during fabrication and later removed afterbonding to an ASIC wafer. The handle substrate can be e.g. silicon,glass, or some other sacrificial substrate.

Each of fixed combs 107 and 109 includes a respective plurality of teeth120 and 121 that extend in the direction perpendicular to a fulcrum axis125 defined along hinge 115. Fixed combs 107 and 109 are electricallyisolated from one another so that disparate voltage levels can beapplied thereto. Fixed combs 120 and 121 are all of a conductivematerial, such as highly doped polysilicon or polysilicon-germanium ormetals or metal alloys, and are electrically connected to respectiveelectrodes 111 and 113.

Movable portion 110 includes a pair of movable combs 130 and 135connected to hinge 115 via a bridge 140. Moveable combs 130 and 135,bridge 140, and hinge 115 are all of a conductive material, such asdoped polysilicon or polysilicon-germanium, metals, or metal alloys, andare electrically connected to a pair of contact pads 150 via a pair ofconductive hinge posts 155. Teeth 160 and 165 of respective movablecombs 130 and 135 are interdigitated from a perspective normal to afirst plane 170 extending through the fixed combs and a second plane 175extending through the movable combs.

An actuated member 177 covers the top surface of movable combs 130 and135 and bridge 140. It is formed either by a single metallic layer suchas gold or aluminum or by two layers 128 and 129. Layer 128 can be madefrom polysilicon or polysilicon-germanium while layer 129 can be madefrom highly reflective metal such as gold or aluminum or a metal alloy.In a typical embodiment, actuated member 177 is one of an array ofmirrors used to form a spatial light modulator. Top portion 110 istilted in one direction along fulcrum axis 125 (e.g., a positivedirection) by holding movable combs 130 and 135 at ground potentialwhile adjusting the voltage level applied to teeth 120 of fixed comb 107to a level between e.g. zero and three volts or zero and five Volts.Applying a potential difference between combs 130 and 107 creates anelectrostatic attraction that draws combs 130 and 107 together. Withsufficient applied voltage, the teeth of the respective combs 130 and107 interdigitate. To tilt top portion 110 in the opposite (e.g.,negative) direction, movable combs 130 and 135 are held again at groundpotential while adjusting the voltage level applied to teeth 121 offixed comb 109. Movable combs 130 and 135 can both be moved, to a smallextent, in a direction normal to planes 170 and 175, by applying thesame potential to both fixed combs 107 and 109, thereby causing hinge115 to flex toward substrate 116.

FIG. 2 depicts a mirror array 200 made up of sixteen (4×4) actuators 100formed integrally on a single substrate 116. Because actuated members177 obscure the underlying actuators when viewed from a perspectivenormal to the mirror surfaces (the top surfaces of actuated members177), three of actuated members 177 are removed to expose variousunderlying structures.

In array 200, the mirror surfaces are the active areas, and should beclosely spaced. The mirror surfaces obscure the hidden comb actuators,allowing the combined active mirror surfaces to account for more than85% of the total array surface, where the total array surface is theactive mirror surface combined with interstitial spaces 210. In someembodiments, the active mirror surfaces account for more than 90% of thetotal array surface. Though not shown, the mirror surfaces may be ofother shapes, preferably those that can be positioned close to oneanother without excessive interstitial spacing. Possible shapes includerectangles, hexagons, and triangles. Also important, actuator 100 andother embodiments of the invention do not include the conspicuous holein the center of conventional micro-mirror arrays of the type describedin the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,047. The elimination ofthese holes advantageously increases the active array surface.

FIG. 3A is a top view of actuator 100 of FIG. 1: actuated member 177 isremoved to show the spatial relationship between the movable and fixedcombs. FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional diagram of actuator 100 taken alongline A-A′ of FIG. 3A. FIGS. 3C and 3D are side views of actuator 100from a perspective parallel to the long dimension of hinge 115.

In FIG. 3C, a potential difference applied between fixed teeth 120 andmovable teeth 160 tilts the surface of actuated member 177 θ degrees tothe left, where θ is e.g. about ten degrees; in FIG. 3D, a potentialdifference applied between fixed teeth 121 and movable teeth 165 tiltsthe surface of actuated member 177 θ degrees to the right. (In FIGS. 3Cand 3D, β refers to the angle of incidence, which is typically about 10degrees.)

FIG. 3E depicts the relationship between electrostatic torque T andapplied voltage V for a comb actuator (curve 301) and a parallel-plateactuator (curve 302) of the type employed in the above-referencedHornbeck patents. The torque provided by the rotational comb actuatorsemployed in various embodiments of the invention rises sharply withapplied voltage and then saturates asymptotically with rotation as themovable and fixed teeth interdigitate. In contrast, the torque providedby rotational parallel-plate actuators rises with applied voltage anddoes not saturate. This characteristic produces a natural instability inrotational parallel-plate actuators. Due to this instability, themovable portion moves suddenly toward the fixed portion to collide witha physical stop. FIG. 3E additionally illustrates that, given the sameapplied voltage V₀, the torque T_(c) of the comb actuators is muchgreater than the torque T_(p) of the parallel-plate actuator.

FIG. 3F includes a curve 305 illustrating the relationship between thedeflection angle θ of actuated member 177 and the voltage V appliedbetween the movable and fixed combs. Because the torque levels off asthe teeth interdigitate, the deflection angle θ approaches an asymptote.The deflection angle θ of actuator 100 is infinitely variable throughthe range of curve 305. The asymptotic nature of the response isbeneficial for operating actuator 100 in a bistable mode: for example,an “on” or “off” state can be defined using an applied voltage Vsbetween the movable comb and one of the fixed combs. Stable states canbe defined over the range of deflection angles using controlled voltagelevels.

FIG. 3G includes a trace 310 illustrating the relationship between thedeflection angle θ of a rotational actuator (e.g., of the type describedin the above-cited Hornbeck patents) and the voltage applied between themovable and fixed plates. The electrostatic torque T increasesapproximately quadratically with applied voltage, while the mechanicalopposition to torque offered by the hinge increases linearly withdeflection angle. As a consequence, the electrostatic torque overcomesthe hinge at an angle θu, which typically represents about one third ofthe initial gap between parallel plates. Upon reaching the unstableangle θu, the movable portion of the parallel-plate actuator “snaps” toa stable state θs defined by a physical stop, or “landing pad.”

The comb actuators employed in embodiments of the invention offersignificant advantages over parallel-plate actuators. For example, thegreater torque provided by the comb actuator means that, for comparabledeflection angles, comb actuators can employ suspensions with muchhigher stiffness as compared with parallel-plate actuators.Consequently, fabrication yield, resonance frequencies, response times,insensitivity to vibration and shock, and device reliability aresignificantly improved. Moreover, the stiffer hinges can be made frommaterials that resist the fatigue other materials suffer due to repeatedflexing, which may improve the useable life of actuators in accordancewith the invention. Many variations in hinge dimension and shape (e.g.,serpentine) can be used to reduce or otherwise alter hinge stiffness, ifdesired.

Comb actuator 100 does not require mechanical stops because thedeflection angle is a stable function of the applied voltage and thespring constant of hinge 115, particularly when the deflection angle isin an area of the response curve (e.g., curve 305 of FIG. 3E) at whichdeflection angle is only very weakly affected by small variations inapplied voltage. The ability to operate without mechanical stops is asignificant advantage over conventional micro-mirrors that use landingpads to position mirrors in “on” and “off” states and that seek toameliorate the stiction problem using e.g. landing pads that employspecial materials that reduce adhesion and spring arrangements anddriving waveforms that overcome stiction.

Landing pads, such as those passivated by an oriented monolayer, can beincluded in embodiments of the invention, but are not required. Landingpads are not necessary because the comb actuator has a natural stoppingpoint that depends upon the applied voltage (e.g., voltage Vs of FIG.3F). However, if landing pads are desired, the higher torque and stifferhinges of the comb actuator advantageously provide greater torque forovercoming stiction forces.

For bistable operation, the applied voltage V can be selected to producejust two stable states, e.g. such that deflection angle θ at which thedriving electrostatic torque equals the restoring torque of hinge 115corresponds to a desired “on” or “off” state. The number of operationalstates need not be defined by stops, but can instead be defined usingany number of allowed signal combinations applied between the fixed andmovable combs. For example, actuator 100 can have the two operationalstates of FIGS. 3C and 3D by limiting the number of signal combinationsto the two that produce the depicted “on” and “off” states. In general,actuator 100 can employ N signal combinations to produce N states.

Returning to FIG. 1, hinge 115 extends diagonally across actuator 100,but might be oriented differently, for example along one edge or acrossthe middle of actuator 100 in parallel with an edge. However, extendinghinge 115 diagonally enables a longer and therefore more flexible hinge,and supports the use of teeth of varying length. Configured as shown,the longer teeth begin to interdigitate before the shorter teeth asvoltage is applied, with more teeth coming into play as the torquerequired to twist hinge 115 increases.

Returning to FIG. 3E, torque generated between a single moving tooth andtwo corresponding fixed teeth has three overlapping regions. In thefirst region, torque increases relatively slowly with applied voltageuntil the deflection angle at which the movable tooth is lightlyinterdigitated with corresponding fixed teeth. The torque increasesrapidly in the second region with significant interdigitation. In thethird region, the torque asymptotically saturates as the interdigitationis completed. In rotational comb actuators that employ teeth ofdifferent lengths, these three regions of torque generation occur atdifferent voltages for teeth of different lengths, so the overallactuator responds somewhat linearly to the applied driving voltage. Theeffect is to produce a more linear actuator response than a similarrotational comb actuator in which all teeth are of similar length. Alsodesirable, comb actuators with teeth of various lengths exhibit moredamping than otherwise similar actuators in which all the teeth are ofequal length.

FIGS. 4A through 4Y depict a process of fabricating an actuator similarto actuator 100 of FIGS. 1, 2, 3A, and 3B, like-numbered elements beingthe same or similar; this process sequence develops along line A-A′ ofFIG. 3A, culminating with a cross section similar to that of FIG. 3B,like-numbered element being the same or similar.

The process begins (FIG. 4A) with substrate 116, an ASIC in thisexample. Substrate 116 includes a number of conductive traces 402, shownas rectangles, connected to the requisite drive electronics (not shown)within substrate 116. Conductive vias 403 extend up from traces 402 tothe surface of substrate 116.

As depicted in FIG. 4B, the exposed surface of substrate 116 is coatedwith a silicon nitride layer, with or without an underlying silicondioxide layer, to produce an insulating layer 404. The resultingstructure is then masked using a photoresist layer 406, which ispatterned to define contact areas 408 (FIG. 4C) within which electrodes111, 113, and 150 will make contact to vias 403. (The cross-section ofFIGS. 4A-4Y does not intersect electrode 111). Insulating single ordouble layer 404 is then etched to expose contact areas 408, leaving thestructure of FIG. 4D.

Next, a layer of metal 410 is deposited using a conventionalmetalization process, resulting in the structure of FIG. 4E. Metal layer410 is then patterned with photoresist 412 (FIG. 4F) to defineelectrodes 111, 113, and 150. The exposed portions of metal layer 410are then etched and photoresist mask 412 is removed, leaving electrodes111 (not shown), 113, and 150 (FIG. 4G). Metal layer 410 makes contactto underlying vias 403 to communicate with underlying traces 402. Thepatterned layer 404 becomes insulating layer 117, which acts as an etchstop when removing sacrificial material at later stages of fabrication.

The process sequence depicted in FIGS. 4H through 4K defines fixed combs107 and 109 and hinge posts 155. Referring first to FIG. 4H, a layer ofhighly doped polysilicon 414 is deposited to an appropriate thicknessfor the height (i.e., normal to plane 170 of FIG. 1) of fixed combs 107and 109, two microns in this example. A photoresist mask 416 (FIG. 4I)then defines fixed combs 107 and 109, hinge post 115, and an alignmentpattern (not shown) for alignment of the later-formed movable teeth.

Layer 414 and the other conductive layers can be formed of materialsother than polysilicon. For example, polysilicon-germanium alloys can bedeposited and annealed at lower temperatures, potentially allowing forsimpler and less expensive ASIC metallization processes. Anotheralternative is to use metal or a metal alloy instead of polysilicon,also allowing lower temperature processing; however, degradation of themechanical properties of a hinge would occur due to the sensitivity ofmetals and metal alloys to mechanical fatigue compared with that ofpolysilicon or single-crystal silicon.

A silicon deep reactive-ion etch (RIE) removes unmasked portions ofpolysilicon layer 414, leaving walls that can be close to normal withrespect to the surface of film 414 and with a good aspect ratio. Thephotoresist mask 416 is then removed, leaving conductive posts 155 andthe fixed comb teeth 121 shown in the cross-section of FIG. 4J. Thewhole wafer is then coated with a sacrificial material 418, such assilicon dioxide. For subsequent higher temperature processing, silicondioxide or another inorganic dielectric is used, while for lowtemperature processing, photoresist can be used as a sacrificial layer.The resulting structure is then planarized, e.g. by chemical mechanicalpolishing, to produce the cross section of FIG. 4K.

The planarization process removes the topography from the oxide,polysilicon, etc. A suitable method of oxide polishing employs a slurrythat consists of a silica-based colloidal suspension in a dilutealkaline solution (a pH of 10-11). The alkaline process hydrolyzes theoxide surface, weakening silicon-oxide bonds. This chemical erosioncombines with mechanical erosion to selectively remove relatively highsurface features.

The process sequence of FIGS. 4H through 4J is repeated with a differentmask sequence to form hinge 115. (In other embodiments, the bottomportions of movable combs 130 and 135, the top portions of fixed combs107 and 109, or both, are formed at the same time.) First, as depictedin FIG. 4L, a second layer of highly doped polysilicon 420 is depositedto a depth appropriate for the thickness of hinge 115, 0.5 microns inthis example. Hinge 115, bridge 140, and, if desired, the bottom 0.5microns of movable combs 130 and 135, the top 0.5 microns of fixed combs107 and 109, or both, are patterned on layer 420 with a photoresist mask422 (FIG. 4M). The exposed polysilicon is then etched away, using anRIE, before removing photoresist mask 422. The resulting structure isdepicted in FIG. 4N, in which the cross-section includes a portion ofhinge 115.

Next, the process sequence of FIGS. 4H through 4K is repeated withdifferent masks to form movable combs 130 and 135 and bridge 140. First,as depicted in FIG. 4O, a third layer of highly doped polysilicon 426 isdeposited to a depth appropriate for the thickness of movable combs 130and 135, 1.5 microns in this example. Windows (not shown) are thenopened in layer 426 to expose the alignment features in layer 414.Movable combs 130 and 135 and bridge 140 are patterned on layer 426 witha photoresist mask 428 (FIG. 4P).

The exposed polysilicon is then etched away, using an RIE, beforeremoving the photoresist mask. The resulting structure, includingportions of bridge 140 and movable teeth 165, is depicted in FIG. 4Q.The structure is then coated with a sacrificial material 430 andplanarized (FIG. 4R) in the manner discussed above in connection withFIG. 4K.

FIG. 4S depicts the first step in forming actuated member 177. First, afourth highly doped polysilicon layer 432 is deposited, to a depth ofapproximately 0.5 microns in this embodiment. The resulting structure isannealed at about 1,000 to 1,100 degrees Centigrade. Next, layer 432 issmoothed to a mirror finish using chemical mechanical polishingtechniques commonly applied to polysilicon (see for e.g. A. A. Yaseen,et al, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 237-242, 1997). In one embodiment, thispolishing step leaves a surface 434 (FIG. 4T) having an approximate RMSroughness of less then 0.5 nm. If the initial surface finish of layer432 is adequate, the polishing step can be skipped. The resultingpolished polysilicon layer 432 is slightly thinned (by approximately 10%of the initial thickness). A reflective layer 436 is then formed oversurface 434 (FIG. 4U). Layer 436 can be a single or compound layer, andis formed in one embodiment by depositing first a chromium adhesionlayer and then a reflective gold or aluminum layer.

The sequence of FIGS. 4A through 4U depicts the formation of a singleactuator 100. However, arrays of such actuators will normally be formedtogether, as discussed above in connection with FIG. 2, for example.FIGS. 4V through 4X and the associated discussion illustrate howindividual mirrors are separated in accordance with a multiple-mirrorembodiment.

First, a photoresist layer 440, formed over the total array surface, ispatterned to define the mirror surfaces (FIG. 4V). The exposed portionsof reflective layer 436 are then removed, leaving metal layer 436patterned as an array of mirrors (FIG. 4W). What remains of metal layer436 then masks the underlying polysilicon layer 432 during a dry RIEprocess that removes portions of layer 432 to separate the actuatedmembers of the array (FIG. 4X). Finally, a silicon-dioxide dielectricetch, using wet or vapor hydrofluoric acid, for example, removes theremaining material of sacrificial layers 430 and 418; nitride insulatinglayer 117 acts as an etch stop. The wet structure is then carefullyrinsed and dried. A suitable drying process is described in“Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent Extraction FromSurface-Micromachined Micromechanical Structures,” by C. W. Dyck, et al.(SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication, October 1996), which isincorporated herein by reference. The resulting structure, depicted inFIG. 4Y, is similar to that of FIG. 3B, like-numbered elements being thesame or similar.

When monolithic fabrication with actuators built directly on top ofdriving electronics is used, polysilicon annealing is performed afterall metallization steps, except mirror coating, and the interconnectsprovided for the metallization and driving electronics are of materials,such as tungsten, that exhibit high melting temperatures. Whenpolysilicon-germanium, metal, or metal alloys are used for structuralmembers of the actuators, annealing temperatures are lower andconventional metallization of CMOS and vias with aluminum or copper ispossible.

FIG. 5 depicts an actuator 500 in accordance with another embodiment.Actuator 500 is in many ways similar to actuator 100 of FIG. 1,like-numbered elements being the same or similar. Actuator 500 differsfrom actuator 100, however, in that actuator 500 employs a translationalcomb drive in place of the rotational comb drive of actuator 100. Thehinge and relating support members are adapted, in this embodiment, toconvert from translational to rotational motion. Some elements (e.g.,address electrodes) are omitted from FIG. 5 for ease of illustration.

Actuator 500 includes a pair of fixed combs 505 and 510 mounted onsubstrate 116, each comb including a number of fixed teeth 515. Actuator500 also includes a movable comb 520 having two sets of movable teeth525 that interdigitate with fixed teeth 515 (comb 520 might beconsidered two combs connected back-to-back). Fixed combs 505 and 510electrically connect to respective addressing electrodes (not shown) andmovable comb 520 connects to another electrode (also not shown) viaconductive hinges 522 and anchors 523 so that a potential can be appliedbetween the fixed and movable combs. When applied, such potentials causemovable comb 520 to move translationally in the plane of teeth 515 andin a direction perpendicular to the fulcrum axis 530 of hinge 115.

Movable comb 520 connects to hinge 115 via a pair of hinges 535 and avertical bridge 540 that together convert the translational movement ofmovable comb 520 into a twisting movement of hinge 115. (This aspect ofactuator 500 is depicted more clearly in FIGS. 7A an 7B.) Actuatedmember 177 connects to hinge 115 via a second bridge 545, so thatactuated member 177 tilts as hinge 115 twists in response to themovement of comb 520. This embodiment simplifies the important task ofaligning the fixed and movable teeth because the coplanar fixed andmovable combs can be defined using the same mask but requires oneadditional layer to be built compared with the rotational actuator.

Many variations in hinge dimension and shape (e.g., coil or serpentine)can be used to reduce stiffness if desired. Moreover, additional processsteps can be employed to alter the thickness of hinges 522 and 535relative to comb 520. Hinges 522 and 535 are sufficiently stiff in adirection parallel to fulcrum axis 530 to prevent movable comb 520 fromcontacting either of fixed combs 505 or 510.

FIG. 6A is a top view of actuator 500 of FIG. 5: actuated member 177 isremoved to expose the underlying features. FIGS. 6B and 6C arecross-sectional views of actuator 500 taken along lines A-A′ and B-B′,respectively, including actuated member 177. As evident in FIGS. 6B and6C, anchors 523 hold movable comb 520 and associated hinges 522 abovesubstrate 116 so that comb 520 moves freely, without rubbing againstsubstrate 116. The space is created e.g. using a sacrificial oxide layerin the manner discussed above in connection with FIGS. 4A-4Z.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of actuator 500 taken alongline B—B of FIG. 6A with voltage applied between the movable and fixedcombs to induce translational motion. In FIG. 7A, translating movablecomb 520 to the right tilts the surface of actuated member 177 θ degreesto the left, where θ is typically about ten degrees; in FIG. 7B,translating movable comb 520 to the left tilts the surface of actuatedmember 177 θ degrees to the right. The spacing between the bottom ofbridge 540 and the surface of substrate 116 is sufficient to preventcontact between the two. In other embodiments, the bottom of bridge 540may be modified to provide a mechanical stop.

FIG. 8 depicts a mirror array 800 in accordance with one embodimentincorporated into an otherwise conventional projection-display system805. The display system includes a lamp 810 focusing white light througha color wheel 815 onto mirror array 800. Mirror array 800 selectivelyreflects portions of the resulting colored light onto a display surface820 via a projection lens 825.

For additional information relating to MEMS actuators in general, andoptical cross-connect switches in particular, see the following U.S.patent applications, each of which is incorporated by reference:

-   -   a. Ser. No. 09/880,456, entitled, “Optical Cross Connect        Switching Array System With Electrical And Optical Position        Sensitive Detection,” by Vlad Novotny, filed Jun. 12, 2001; and    -   b. Ser. No. 09/981,628, entitled “Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical        Switching System,” by Vlad J. Novotny et al., filed Oct. 15,        2001.

While the present invention has been described in connection withspecific embodiments, variations of these embodiments will be obvious tothose of ordinary skill in the art. For example, actuators in accordancewith embodiments of the invention can be used as optical switches infiber-optical systems, and the mirrors can be replaced by otherlight-modulating surfaces, such as refractive lenses, diffractiongratings or thin-film stacks and materials can differ from polysilicon.Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not belimited to the foregoing description.

1. An actuator comprising: a. a substrate; b. a fixed comb connected tothe substrate and including a plurality of fixed teeth extending in afirst plane; c. a movable comb movable with respect to the fixed comband including a plurality of movable teeth extending in a second plane;d. a hinge connected between the substrate and the movable comb, thehinge facilitating movement of the movable comb with respect to thefixed comb along a fulcrum axis; and e. an actuated member connected tothe movable comb and the hinge; f. wherein the first and second planesextend between the substrate and the actuated member; and g. wherein theactuated member is adapted to tilt along the fulcrum axis when themovable comb moves with respect to the fixed comb.
 2. The actuator ofclaim 1, wherein the fulcrum axis is substantially parallel to the firstand second planes.
 3. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising asecond movable comb including a second plurality of movable teethextending in a direction parallel to the first-mentioned plurality ofmovable teeth.
 4. The actuator of claim 3, wherein the second movablecomb is disposed in the second plane, and wherein the fulcrum axisextends between the first and second movable combs from a perspectivenormal to the second plane.
 5. The actuator of claim 4, furthercomprising a bridge connected to the hinge, the first movable comb, andthe second movable comb.
 6. The actuator of claim 1, further comprisinga second fixed comb including a second plurality of fixed teethextending in a direction parallel to the first-mentioned plurality offixed teeth.
 7. The actuator of claim 6, wherein the first-mentionedfixed teeth are electrically isolated from the second fixed teeth. 8.The actuator of claim 1, wherein the actuated member comprises a mirror.9. The actuator of claim 1, wherein the actuator is one of a pluralityof similar actuators in a mirror array.
 10. The actuator of claim 1,wherein at least one of the hinge, the fixed comb, the actuated member,and the movable comb comprises germanium.
 11. The actuator of claim 1,further comprising an integrated circuit having a first contact padelectrically connected to the movable comb and a second contact padelectrically connected to the fixed comb.
 12. An actuator comprising: a.a substrate; b. a fixed comb connected to the substrate and including aplurality of fixed teeth extending in a first plane; c. a movable comb,including a plurality of movable teeth extending in a second plane; d. ahinge connected between the substrate and the movable comb, the hingefacilitating movement of the movable comb with respect to the fixedcomb; and e. an actuated member connected to the movable comb andextending in a third plane; f. wherein the first and second planesextend between the substrate and the third plane; and g. wherein thefirst and second planes are coplanar.
 13. An actuator comprising: a. asubstrate; b. a fixed comb connected to the substrate and including aplurality of fixed teeth extending in a first plane; c. a movable comb,including a plurality of movable teeth extending in a second plane; d. ahinge connected between the substrate and the movable comb, the hingefacilitating movement of the movable comb with respect to the fixedcomb; and e. an actuated member connected to the movable comb andextending in a third plane; f. wherein the first and second planesextend between the substrate and the third plane; and g. wherein thesubstrate includes an insulating surface, a first electrode connected tothe movable comb, and a second electrode connected to the fixed comb.14. An actuator comprising: a. a substrate; b. a fixed comb connected tothe substrate and including a plurality of fixed teeth extending in afirst plane; c. a movable comb, including a plurality of movable teethextending in a second plane; d. a hinge connected between the substrateand the movable comb, the hinge facilitating movement of the movablecomb with respect to the fixed comb; and e. an actuated member connectedto the movable comb and extending in a third plane; f. wherein the firstand second planes extend between the substrate and the third plane; andg. wherein at least a portion of the movable comb is disposed betweenthe actuated member and the fixed comb.
 15. An actuator comprising: a. asubstrate; b. a fixed comb connected to the substrate and including aplurality of fixed teeth extending in a first plane; c. a movable comb,including a plurality of movable teeth extending in a second plane; d. ahinge connected between the substrate and the movable comb, the hingefacilitating movement of the movable comb with respect to the fixedcomb; and e. an actuated member connected to the movable comb andextending in a third plane; f. wherein the first and second planesextend between the substrate and the third plane; and g. wherein theactuated member obscures at least a portion of the fixed and movablecombs from a perspective normal to the first plane.
 16. An actuatorcomprising: a. a substrate; b. a fixed comb connected to the substrateand including a plurality of fixed teeth extending in a first plane; c.a movable comb, including a plurality of movable teeth extending in asecond plane; d. a hinge connected between the substrate and the movablecomb, the hinge facilitating movement of the movable comb with respectto the fixed comb; and e. an actuated member connected to the movablecomb and extending in a third plane; f. wherein the first and secondplanes extend between the substrate and the third plane; and g. whereinan applied voltage potential between the fixed comb and the movable combmoves the movable comb relative to the fixed comb to tilt the actuatedmember along a fulcrum axis by a fixed deflection angle, and wherein theapplied voltage potential defines the fixed deflection angle.
 17. Theactuator of claim 16, wherein a second applied voltage potential betweenthe fixed comb and the movable comb moves the movable comb relative tothe fixed comb to tilt the actuated member by a second fixed deflectionangle along the fulcrum axis, and wherein the second applied voltagepotential defines the second fixed deflection angle.
 18. The actuator ofclaim 16, wherein the fixed deflection angle corresponds to an “on”state.
 19. An actuator comprising: a. a substrate; b. a fixed combconnected to the substrate and including a plurality of fixed teethextending in a first plane; c. a movable comb, including a plurality ofmovable teeth extending in a second plane; d. a hinge connected betweenthe substrate and the movable comb, the hinge facilitating movement ofthe movable comb with respect to the fixed comb; and e. an actuatedmember connected to the movable comb and extending in a third plane; f.wherein the first and second planes extend between the substrate and thethird plane; and g. wherein at least two of the fixed teeth are ofdifferent lengths.
 20. An actuator comprising: a. a substrate; b. afixed comb connected to the substrate and including a plurality of fixedteeth extending in a first plane; c. a movable comb, including aplurality of movable teeth extending in a second plane; d. a hingeconnected between the substrate and the movable comb, the hingefacilitating movement of the movable comb with respect to the fixedcomb; and e. an actuated member connected to the movable comb andextending in a third plane; f. wherein the first and second planesextend between the substrate and the third plane; and g. wherein atleast two of the movable teeth are of different lengths.
 21. A spatiallight modulator comprising: a. a plurality of separately actuatedadjacent movable mirror surfaces disposed over a substrate and separatedby interstitial spaces, wherein the adjacent movable mirror surfaces arearranged in an array extending over an array area, each movable mirrorsurface having an active-surface area; and b. a plurality of combactuators, at least one comb actuator disposed between each movablemirror surface and the substrate; c. wherein adding the active-surfaceareas produces a combined active-surface area at least 90 percent of thearray area.
 22. The spatial light modulator of claim 21, furthercomprising, for each mirror surface, at least one movable comb connectedto the mirror surface; and a fixed comb interdigitated with the movablecomb.
 23. The spatial light modulator of claim 22, wherein at least oneof the fixed combs is disposed in a first plane and at least one of themovable combs is disposed in a second plane extending between the firstplane and at least one of the movable mirror surfaces.
 24. The spatiallight modulator of claim 22, further comprising a plurality of hinges,each hinge connected to a respective one of the plurality of movablecombs.
 25. The actuator of claim 21, further comprising an integratedcircuit having first contact pads electrically connected to the movablecombs and second contact pads electrically connected to the fixed combs.26. A spatial light modulator comprising: a. a plurality of adjacentmovable mirror surfaces arranged in an array extending over an arrayarea, each movable mirror surface having an active-surface area, whereinadding the active-surface areas produces a combined active-surface areaat least 90 percent of the array area; b. for each mirror surface, atleast one movable comb connected to the mirror surface and a fixed combinterdigitated with the movable comb; and c. a plurality of hinges, eachhinge connected to a respective one of the plurality of movable combs;d. wherein each of the hinges is a torsional hinge.
 27. A spatial lightmodulator comprising: a. a plurality of adjacent movable mirror surfacesarranged in an array extending over an array area, each movable mirrorsurface having an active-surface area, wherein adding the active-surfaceareas produces a combined active-surface area at least 90 percent of thearray area; b. for each mirror surface, at least one movable combconnected to the mirror surface and a fixed comb interdigitated with themovable comb; and c. an integrated circuit having a first plurality ofcontact pads electrically connected to the movable combs and a secondcollection of contact pads electrically connected to the fixed combs.28. A spatial light modulator comprising: a. a plurality of adjacentmovable mirror surfaces arranged in an array extending over an arrayarea, each movable mirror surface having an active-surface area, whereinadding the active-surface areas produces a combined active-surface areaat least 90 percent of the array area; and b. for each mirror surface,at least one movable comb connected to the mirror surface and a fixedcomb interdigitated with the movable comb; c. wherein at least one ofthe fixed and movable combs has teeth of different lengths.
 29. Aspatial light modulator comprising: a. a plurality of adjacent movablemirror surfaces arranged in an array extending over an array area, eachmovable mirror surface having an active-surface area; b. wherein addingthe active-surface areas produces a combined active-surface area atleast 90 percent of the array area; and c. wherein at least two of themovable teeth are of different lengths.
 30. A projection systemcomprising: a. a substrate; b. a plurality of actuators disposed on thesubstrate, each actuator including: i. a fixed comb connected to thesubstrate and including a plurality of fixed teeth; ii. a movable comb,including a plurality of movable teeth; and iii. a hinge connectedbetween the fixed comb and the movable comb, the hinge facilitatingmovement of the movable comb with respect to the fixed comb; and c. anarray of individually actuated members separated by interstitial spaces,each actuated member including a light-modulating surface connected toat least one of the movable combs; d. wherein the fixed and movablecombs are disposed between the actuated members and the substrate. 31.The projection system of claim 30, wherein the fixed comb defines afirst plane, the movable comb defines a second plane, and the first andsecond planes are coplanar.
 32. The projection system of claim 30,wherein at least one of the hinge, the fixed comb, the movable comb, andthe actuated member comprises germanium.
 33. The projection system ofclaim 30, further comprising an integrated circuit having first contactpads electrically connected to the movable combs and second contact padselectrically connected to the fixed combs.
 34. A spatial light modulatordisposed over a substrate and adapted to modulate light directed to themodulator, the spatial light modulator comprising: a. a plurality ofcomb actuators, each actuator including; i. a first comb including afirst plurality of teeth; and ii. a second comb including a secondplurality of teeth; and iii. wherein the first comb moves with respectto the second comb; and b. an actuated member disposed over thesubstrate and at least a portion of the first and second combs, theactuated member receiving a portion of the light; c. wherein theactuated members are separated from one another by interstitial spacesand arranged in an array extending over a total array area.
 35. Thespatial light modulator of claim 34, wherein the interstitial spacesaccount for less than ten percent of the total array area.
 36. Thespatial light modulator of claim 34, wherein each actuated memberreflects the respective portion of the light.
 37. The spatial lightmodulator of claim 34, wherein each movable comb tilts the respectiveactuated member along a fulcrum axis.
 38. The spatial light modulator ofclaim 37, wherein the actuated members tilt about 10 degrees.
 39. Thespatial light modulator of claim 34, wherein a first degree of tiltcorresponds to an “on” state and a second degree of tilt corresponds toan “off” state.
 40. The spatial light modulator of claim 39, whereinones of the actuated members in the “on” state reflect the respectiveportion of the light through a projection lens, and ones of the actuatedmembers in the “off” stage reflect the respective portion of the lightaway from the projection lens.
 41. The spatial light modulator of claim34, wherein at least one of the combs includes germanium.
 42. Thespatial light modulator of claim 34, further comprising an integratedcircuit having first contact pads electrically connected to the firstcombs and second contact pads electrically connected to the secondcombs.
 43. The spatial light modulator of claim 34, wherein the actuatedmember tilts along a fulcrum axis to produce a range of deflectionangles.
 44. The spatial light modulator of claim 43, wherein a range ofvoltage applied between one of the first combs and one of the secondcombs moves the respective actuated member over the range of deflectionangles.
 45. The spatial light modulator of claim 34, further comprisinga hinge connected between the first and second combs.